O'malleySwank477

Phrygia developed a semi pro Bronze Age culture.

The earliest  community  of Greek  music derived from  Phrygia,  conveyed  through the Greek colonies  in Anatolia, and included the Phrygian mode, which was  viewed  to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music. Phrygian Midas, the king of the "golden touch", was tutored in music by Orpheus himself,  consorting  to the myth. Another musical invention that came from Phrygia was the aulos, a reed instrument  with two pipes. Marsyas, the satyr who first  organized  the instrument using the hollowed antler of a stag, was a Phrygian follower of Cybele. He unwisely competed in music with the Olympian Apollo and  necessarily  lost, whereupon Apollo flayed Marsyas alive and provocatively hung his skin on Cybele's own sacred tree, a pine. phrygian script is attested fragmentarily, known only from a comparatively  small corpus of inscriptions. A few hundred Phrygian words are attested; however, the  signification  and etymologies of many of these remain unknown. The apparent similarity of the Phrygian language to Greek and its  unsimilarity with the Anatolian languages spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European  source of the Phrygians.

Language of the akkadians was first evidenced in Sumerian texts in proper name from the late 29th centuries BC. From the second half of the third millenary BC (circa 2600-2500 BC), texts fully written in Akkadian begin to appear. Hundreds of thousands of texts and text fragments have been excavated to date ; covering a vast textual tradition of mythological narrative, legal texts, scientific works, correspondence, political and military events, and many other cases . By the second millennium BC, two variant forms of the language were in use in Assyria and Babylonia (known as Assyrian and Babylonian respectively). Within the Near Eastern Semitic languages, Akkadian forms an East Semitic subgroup (with Eblaite). This group distinguishes itself from the Northwest and South Semitic languages by its SOV word order, while the other Semitic languages ordinarily have either a VSO or SVO order. This novel word order is due to the influence of the Sumerian substratum , which has an SOV order.

The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization, in what is present day Italy , in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Toscana plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls). Etruscan was replaced completely by Latin, leaving only a few documents and some loanwords in Latin, such as part (from Etruscan ersu), and some place-names, such as Roma. Language of the etruscans is known mainly from epigraphic records originating in the Tuscan area and dating from the 7th century bc to the first years of the Christian Era. There are some 10,000 of these inscriptions, mainly brief and repetitious epitaphs or dedicatory formulas, as well as votive or owners letterings on pictures in tombs and coming with engraved fleshes on small artifacts such as metal mirrors. There are, however, some remarkable exceptions to the general brevity of the letterings, and there are significant differences in their origins. The longest single text, of 281 lines (about 1,300 words), now in the National Museum at Zagreb, is written on a roll of linen that had been cut into strips and used in Egypt as a wrapping for a mummy; a clay pad found at Capua contains some 250 words; a stone piece from Perugia has two adjacent sides elegantly engraved with an inscription of 46 lines (some 125 words); a bronze model of a liver found at Piacenza, which probably corresponds the Etruscan microcosm in a form used for instruction in divination , has some 45 words; and a heavy rectangular block found on the island of Lemnos in the northern Aegean has an engraving of what is probably a warrior with one inscription of perhaps 18 words surrounding the head and another of 16 words in three lines on an adjacent side. In 1964 two inscriptions on gold tablets, one in Phoenician and the other in Etruscan, were excavated at Pyrgi. The Etruscan language has been difficult to analyse , due to its being an sequester . Bonfante, a leading scholar in the field, says"... it resembles no other language in Europe or elsewhere..." The ancients were aware that Etruscan was an isolate. In the 1st century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated that the Etruscan language was unlike any early .